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Microsoft Word offers several options for setting the margins of the document you are editing. In addition to normal page margins, you may have noticed settings for something called “gutter margins.” When you switch gutter margins on, Word adds extra space to your document’s existing margins to allow for the document’s binding.
Gutter margins are designed to add more space to the normal margins of a document that will be bound together; this ensures that none of the text will be obscured once the binding is in place. Even if you intend to just staple your document together, or place it within a temporary binding, adding a gutter margin will give your finished document a more professional look and ensure that readability is preserved.
Gutter Margin Position
Word typically allows you to choose whether to position the gutter margin of your document at the top or left of the page; if you have previously set your document to the “mirror margins,” “book fold” or “two pages per sheet” layout options, Word will automatically set the gutter margins to a position that matches the chosen layout.
Gutter Margin Width
When setting a gutter margin, allow for enough width to ensure the page layout looks even and balanced. If you are unsure what width to use for a document you will be binding yourself, print out a copy of the document on scrap paper and bind it temporarily to determine how much space the binding occupies; if you will be sending your document to a professional binder, contact the binder and ask what width the gutter margin should be.
Gutter Margins vs. Normal Margins
Although you may also allow space for binding the document by adjusting the top or left margins manually, adding gutter margins is a more efficient way of performing the same task. If you adjust a normal margin to accommodate for the binding, you will have to recalculate the margin yourself every time you want to modify the width of either the margin itself or the binding; using the gutter margin option in addition to normal margins will allow you to change the width of margins and binding independently, without having to perform additional calculations.
Margins And Page Orientation In Microsoft Word
Among other formatting options, Microsoft Word lets you adjust the page layout of a document. Two key factors in this respect are the margins and page orientation. Both of these have a big effect on how a document looks, so check out our guide below to find out how they work.
Margins in Microsoft Word
The margins in a document are the spaces at the edge of each page. You may need to change these to leave space to make notes (e.g., in a college paper). Or you may simply want to control where text appears on the page. In either case, you can adjust the margins in a document by:
Selecting on of the preset margin options.
Gutter margin size and position – A gutter margin is extra space on the page used for binding. This won’t be necessary for most documents, but you can add one here if required.
Mirror margins – Selecting mirror margins from the Multiple Pages submenu will change the “Left” and “Right” margin options to “Inner” and “Outer” margins. This ensures that the margins on facing pages are equal if you’re binding something as a book.
You can also use the Apply To options in the Page Setup menu to control which part of the document you format (e.g., Whole document, This section only, or This point forward). However, you may also want to add your own section breaks for full control over where margin formatting is applied.
Page Orientation
Page orientation refers to whether the document is landscape or portrait. Most documents will be portrait, which is the default in Microsoft Word. But the landscape format can be useful in some cases, such as when a document contains illustrations or charts too wide to fit on a portrait page.
To adjust the page orientation in a whole Microsoft Word document:
Select either Portrait or Landscape as required.
To change the orientation of part of a document, you will need to either:
Add section breaks before and after the section you want to format.
Open the Page Setup window, select an orientation, and pick which part of the document you want to format via the Apply To menu (as described above in relation to margins).
This will let you present one page in a landscape format (e.g., to fit in a chart). But make sure to add section breaks before changing the orientation.
What’S In A Name? Why We Need To Reconsider The Word Cancer
Earlier this year, leading American cancer scientists called for a set of changes to deal with the problem of over-diagnosis and over-treatment caused by cancer screening.
In response to this emerging problem of screening programs detecting harmless cancers, the scientists made a set of recommendations to address and mitigate overdiagnosis.
Cancer or IDLE?
One of their recommendations is a major rethink about the use of the word cancer when talking about screen-detected abnormalities.
The word cancer, they wrote in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), should be reserved for life-threatening cancers, that is, “lesions with a reasonable likelihood of lethal progression if left untreated”.
Early cancers and pre-cancers (abnormal cells that could turn cancerous) found by screening tests, such as mammograms and PSA tests, should be renamed without (scary) words such as carcinoma or neoplasia in their title. They suggested they could be renamed IDLEs – indolent lesions of epithelial origin.
Chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society, Otis W. Brawley noted:
We need a 21st-century definition of cancer instead of a 19th-century definition of cancer, which is what we’ve been using.
One example of a cancer that’s a candidate for a name change is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast.
Diagnosis of DCIS, which itself does not metastasise or cause death but can be a precursor of invasive breast cancer, has soared since screening began. It now accounts for about 20% of the breast cancers found by screening, compared with about 2% of all breast cancers in pre-screening days.
DCIS is treated very much like breast cancer so it’s understandable that women diagnosed with DCIS may not understand that they don’t have invasive breast cancer. Renaming it might reduce this confusion.
Creating a bigger picture
In other suggestions for understanding and mitigating overdiagnosis, the scientists recommended the establishment of registries of IDLE lesions to record detailed information about the diagnosis (including pathology and molecular biology) and treatment of screen-detected early cancers.
These registries of screen-detected abnormalities could extend the work of existing cancer registries, which already collect limited information about all cancer cases in order to monitor trends in diagnoses and mortality rates of different cancers.
In Australia, all cancer diagnoses are recorded in state-based cancer registries, and the statistics are compiled and reported by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).
But this has been largely kept separate from data recorded in registries of cancer screening that collect data about our nationally-funded cancer screening programs for breast, cervical and bowel cancer.
Linked together, and augmented with data about molecular test results and treatment provision and outcomes, cancer registries and screening registries would form a powerful resource to investigate and one day solve the problem of overdiagnosis due to screening.
We’re all in it together
The panel also said it’s essential the community (both medical professionals and citizens) recognise that overdiagnosis exists, and start to talk about it with more understanding.
The National Cancer Institute scientists note:
Physicians, patients, and the general public must recognize that overdiagnosis is common and occurs more frequently with cancer screening. Overdiagnosis, or identification of indolent cancer, is common in breast, lung, prostate, and thyroid cancer. Whenever screening is used, the fraction of tumors in this category increases.
Overdiagnosis is one reason why five-year-survival rates are misleading when it comes to cancer screening. By adding harmless cancers to the number of cancers diagnosed, overdiagnosis ensures five-year-survival rates improve, even if just as many people still die from cancer.
Until doctors and citizens alike have a better understanding of overdiagnosis, we are at risk of being misinformed and misinforming others about cancer screening.
What we are doing in Australia
There’s been little discussion of overdiagnosis due to cancer screening in Australia, even though millions of Australians participate in the government breast and cervical cancer screening programs. Millions more participate in informal screening, such as prostate cancer screening.
And pressure to extend screening to other cancers – lung, thyroid, and ovarian cancer, for instance – is ever present.
Still, we are taking some small steps. The National Cervical Screening Program, for instance, is currently reviewing new technologies and strategies to mitigate overdiagnosis and over-treatment due to cervical screening.
But we need much more. We need a national, comprehensive, strategic approach for tackling the problem of over-diagnosis in cancer screening.
The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) or the Department of Health and Ageing should lead this effort, engaging the whole of the health-care sector – from service providers and clinicians to pathologists and epidemiologists.
Citizen representatives must be there too, of course, because we are all consumers of cancer screening programs.
Cancer screening may deliver benefits, but we must also recognise its harms, risks, and opportunity costs. The National Cancer Institute has provided suggestions about how to go forward. We should pick up the ball and run with it.
What Words To Use In An Essay: Phrases For Academic Papers
Students may ask, “What are the most effective phrases in an essay?”. If you’re eager to know the answer, you’ve come to the right place! We’ve put together an exhaustive list of the best words for essays and cannot wait to share it with you!
You may not have noticed it, but college instructors frequently pay attention to word choice in their students’ papers (and particularly essays). And there’s a simple explanation for that. It shows how good you’re at picking them and making your narrative logically connected.
So, why not scroll down to check out what words to use in an essay? You can also benefit from our tips on how to come up with a well-written paper.
What Words are OK for an Essay?
Many students think about how to make their essays interesting to read. We have an answer – it’s all about words. There are phrases and word combinations that make the audience read your paper and lead them from one paragraph to another. We have prepared for you some good vocabulary you can apply in your paper. We are talking about phrases that you can include in your introduction, as well as examples of their use in the main body or conclusion.
Now, let’s have a look at the list of the most appropriate constructions.
Words to Use in the Introduction
Lots of people think that coming up with the central part, as well as supplying arguments and examples, is the most challenging part. However, what they tend to forget is that developing an intro can be quite difficult, too – the first word create an entire impression of your assignment. Therefore, we decided to provide you with some useful constructions that you can use in one of your very first paragraphs. These sentence starters will be quite helpful when you need to begin your first or second sentence:
“This essay discusses…”
“The central theme of my paper is…”
“In this essay…”
“The key point is that…”
“This topic is important because…”
There are other ways to begin the first section of your work. When you’re referring to a viewpoint held by most people, you may want to use a complex subject construction:
“N is described…”
“N is evaluated.”
“N is analyzed…”
“N is defined…”
“N is demonstrated…”
What are the other words to use in an essay? Well, there are a body and conclusion parts. And, to keep your writing coherent, make sure you remember all the words and phrases that can help you with transitions and logical flow of thoughts.
Words to Use in the Body
Once you’re done with your introduction, you can proceed to the next section. Wondering what linguistic constructions you should include in the body?
You can make your narrative more structured if you use one of the following transition words:
“Firstly… Secondly… Thirdly…”
“To start with …”
“On the one hand… On the other hand…”
“Nevertheless…”
“Likewise…”
“Despite this…” (“In spite of …”)
“Furthermore…”
“Besides…”
“To evaluate…”
“Notwithstanding…”
There are many other words to use in an essay body. Those we provide you with are the most common ones.
Words to Use in the Conclusion
OK, the first two parts are there. What next? Now, you should come up with a conclusion.
Here are some examples of how to start a conclusion paragraph of your assignment. Keep in mind that this paragraph concludes your paper. Therefore, it’s time to wrap things up.
“To sum up…”
“In conclusion…”
“In summary…”
“It has been shown that…”
“Thus…”
“To summarize…”
“To conclude…”
“To take stock…”
“So…”
“In brief…”
Is There Anything I Should Avoid in an Essay?
There are word groups that you can easily avoid. They include:
Contractions. Avoid using abbreviations, such as “don’t,” “didn’t,” “can’t,” “couldn’t” and “won’t.” Essays require you to use full words and avoid contractions.
IdiomsThey are not bad – they’re simply more appropriate for describing your personal feelings and thoughts.
Jargon and Writing an essay is what they call “academic writing,” so leave them for personal stories, too.
Rhetorical questionsIncluding them in an academic paper is a bad idea. That’s not what academic writing is all about.
Quotes Use a quote when you introduce a topic. Avoid using more quotes because your reader expects you to share your thoughts, and not somebody else’s.
Passive Voice Make sure you don’t use passive voice – go with active voice instead.
Modifiers If misused, modifiers like “very,” “really,” “just,” “totally,” or “quite” can distort the meaning of a sentence. Use them only when you want to emphasize something.
Cliches Constructions like “sleep like a baby” or “it is well known that” may be a good way to explain what you are talking about. However, they’re inappropriate in essay writing.
If some phrases bother you and you don’t know if it is appropriate to use them, you should think of another way to make a great point. Alternatively, you can ask your teacher for help and put an end to all your worries.
Now that you understand what to do, you can come up with a stunning piece of writing. We hope you’ll use our tips to write a brilliant paper that will earn you high marks! If you still don’t know where to start or have trouble conveying your thoughts, you should rely on real professionals! Order academic writing from us and make your life a lot easier!
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